Enduring lessons for US and Europe
Sixty years ago, US Secretary of state George Marshall publicly called for a grand aid package that would transform European post-war politics. The European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, was crafted to accomplish three priorities of the Truman administration; help re-stabilize the European economy, encourage European poet-war integration and stave off the westwards spread of communist ideology.
That all three objectives have been largely realized is beyond question. Historians may question how much credit the Marshall Plan deserves for those accomplishments, but it is unlikely that Europe would stand now as an ideologically integrated economic world power without it.
Today, transatlantic relations are marked by a mix of success and abundant challenges. So the US and Europe would do well to commemorate the Marshall Plan's 60th anniversary with a blend of humility and satisfaction. Recent strain between the US and its closest Europeans allies make it impolitic for Americans to tout too loudly their contribution to Europe's post-war recovery. (What marriage can endure too many "look at everything I have done for you" reminders?) Still, there is value in reflecting on the plan's lesson for today.
Its economic dimensions were massive in four years, the US gave some $13 billion in aid - but its political dimensions were even more consequential. "Marshall Aid was about hearts and minds, not just mouth and bellies," historian David Reynolds wrote in the May/June 1997 issue of Foreign Affairs, and it was only affected by what we now call a "public diplomacy" program of massive proportions. Few efforts were spread to convince Europeans that the plan was in their interest.
In this sense, there is a sprit of the Marshall Plan that suggests economic aid in certain conditions can result in ideological victory and cultural transformation. The transition of post-war Europe from a handful of democracies to a 27 member EU and 26 member NATO, with others vying for membership, reinforces the good feelings surrounding Marshall Plan discussions.
But what is the Marshall Plan's legacy in 2007? Can the program's principles be applied to the very different, but equally complex, conditions of the Middle East? Five timely reminders of the plan's most enduring principles come from the Harvard commencement address of 1947 in which Marshall outlined his vision for European renewal.
First, "the world situation is serious" and enormously complex. "That must be apparent to all intelligent people", Marshall stated with clear resonance in 2007, second, the US and today the powerful European recipients of original Marshall Aid, have a natural obligation to help. "It is logical that the US should to whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace."
Third, the purpose of reviving the world's economy is to "permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist" and "any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will fund full cooperation" from the US.
Fourth, to effect a massive aid program of the sort Marshall had in mind, it would require "breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence" of aid recipients to govern themselves and create their own prosperity. The initiative must come from those receiving aid and it must be a multilateral Endeavour. "There must be some agreement among the countries of Europe as to the requirement of the situation and the part those countries themselves will take .... it would be neither fitting nor efficacious for this government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically. This is the business of the Europeans."
Finally the efforts should cut across party lines. "Political passion and prejudice should have no part" Marshall declared. In 1947 he mostly meant that Republicans and Democrats should work together. But intergovernmental prejudices also pose a challenge. If Americans and Europeans as allies with a shared history and heritage can not find harmony in assistance plans for Afghanistan, Iraq, the Palestinian territories, and others, then it will be difficult to keep the spirit of the Marshall Plan alive.
The most valuable comparison between the complex, post-conflict world of 1947 and the complex still conflicted world of 2007, comes in the need in both cases to overcome cynicism and despair in looking for the right kinds of assistance, balancing among economic, educational, political, military and other forms of aid . "With foresight and a willingness on the part of our people to face up to the vast responsibility which history has clearly placed upon our country" Concluded Marshall, the difficulties I have outlined can and will be overcome.
Sixty years ago, US Secretary of state George Marshall publicly called for a grand aid package that would transform European post-war politics. The European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, was crafted to accomplish three priorities of the Truman administration; help re-stabilize the European economy, encourage European poet-war integration and stave off the westwards spread of communist ideology.
That all three objectives have been largely realized is beyond question. Historians may question how much credit the Marshall Plan deserves for those accomplishments, but it is unlikely that Europe would stand now as an ideologically integrated economic world power without it.
Today, transatlantic relations are marked by a mix of success and abundant challenges. So the US and Europe would do well to commemorate the Marshall Plan's 60th anniversary with a blend of humility and satisfaction. Recent strain between the US and its closest Europeans allies make it impolitic for Americans to tout too loudly their contribution to Europe's post-war recovery. (What marriage can endure too many "look at everything I have done for you" reminders?) Still, there is value in reflecting on the plan's lesson for today.
Its economic dimensions were massive in four years, the US gave some $13 billion in aid - but its political dimensions were even more consequential. "Marshall Aid was about hearts and minds, not just mouth and bellies," historian David Reynolds wrote in the May/June 1997 issue of Foreign Affairs, and it was only affected by what we now call a "public diplomacy" program of massive proportions. Few efforts were spread to convince Europeans that the plan was in their interest.
In this sense, there is a sprit of the Marshall Plan that suggests economic aid in certain conditions can result in ideological victory and cultural transformation. The transition of post-war Europe from a handful of democracies to a 27 member EU and 26 member NATO, with others vying for membership, reinforces the good feelings surrounding Marshall Plan discussions.
But what is the Marshall Plan's legacy in 2007? Can the program's principles be applied to the very different, but equally complex, conditions of the Middle East? Five timely reminders of the plan's most enduring principles come from the Harvard commencement address of 1947 in which Marshall outlined his vision for European renewal.
First, "the world situation is serious" and enormously complex. "That must be apparent to all intelligent people", Marshall stated with clear resonance in 2007, second, the US and today the powerful European recipients of original Marshall Aid, have a natural obligation to help. "It is logical that the US should to whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace."
Third, the purpose of reviving the world's economy is to "permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist" and "any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will fund full cooperation" from the US.
Fourth, to effect a massive aid program of the sort Marshall had in mind, it would require "breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence" of aid recipients to govern themselves and create their own prosperity. The initiative must come from those receiving aid and it must be a multilateral Endeavour. "There must be some agreement among the countries of Europe as to the requirement of the situation and the part those countries themselves will take .... it would be neither fitting nor efficacious for this government to undertake to draw up unilaterally a program designed to place Europe on its feet economically. This is the business of the Europeans."
Finally the efforts should cut across party lines. "Political passion and prejudice should have no part" Marshall declared. In 1947 he mostly meant that Republicans and Democrats should work together. But intergovernmental prejudices also pose a challenge. If Americans and Europeans as allies with a shared history and heritage can not find harmony in assistance plans for Afghanistan, Iraq, the Palestinian territories, and others, then it will be difficult to keep the spirit of the Marshall Plan alive.
The most valuable comparison between the complex, post-conflict world of 1947 and the complex still conflicted world of 2007, comes in the need in both cases to overcome cynicism and despair in looking for the right kinds of assistance, balancing among economic, educational, political, military and other forms of aid . "With foresight and a willingness on the part of our people to face up to the vast responsibility which history has clearly placed upon our country" Concluded Marshall, the difficulties I have outlined can and will be overcome.
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